There is one minor semantic distinction between Miller and Hilberg, and it is that Miller’s first link is specified as “identification” whereas Hilberg refers to “definition”. Second, Miller makes two substantive taxonomic expansions: first, he specifies ‘ostracism’ as a link between ‘definition/identification’ and ‘expropriation’; second, he introduces the useful category of ‘confiscation’ as a distinct midway taxonomic referent between Hilberg’s ‘expropriation’ and ‘concentration’. Finally, unlike Hilberg who specifies ‘emigration’ as a ratchet-up from each successive stage in the process of destruction, the closest approximation makes to ‘emigration’ is  is incarceration.

1. 1. Definition/Identification

With ‘definition’ Hilberg notes, the Nazis defined/identified the Jews as ‘different’ and literally marked them off as a species apart from the rest of Germans. As untermenschen, they were imagined as andropa (i.e., human-footed animals), non-human mammals (e.g., rats) and arthropoda (e.g., lice). Popularized in film and the media to normalize the Jew as a species apart, the propaganda was that Jews bring contagion and threaten the genetic degeneration of the pure Volk of the Fatherland – thereby effecting a politico-medical discourse of moral hygiene. That was the Nazi’s then.

In Eichmann in Jerusalem, Hannah Arendt, also a Zionist, drew attention to the official policy and practice of racial identification at the inception of the State of Israel that mimicked the hygiene laws of Nazi Germany.[5] Ilan Pappé notes in The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine that the Zionist conquerors referred to Palestinians in terms of bodily effluents that connoted disease and excrement.[6] In living memory, the likes of rabbis Meir Kahane,[7] Yitzhak Shapira and others advocated the annihilation of Palestinians[8] on grounds they are a genetic contagion which blight the prospects for a pure Jewish (liberalist democratic and theocratic) State. This ideology is now a general attitude among the political elite, opinion makers and a good deal of the Israeli population inured to the suffering of Palestinians. The result? An assiduously cultivated socio-genic hatred of Palestinians as an identifiable group in Israeli school curricula, as noted by Nurit Peled-Elhanan,[9] Idan Yaron (right) and Yoram Harpaz.[10] Logically the family, the media and military promote the propaganda of the Palestinians as diseased and as animals. The collective psychosis of hating Palestinians which rots the hearts Zionists was not only instantiated in practice by the forced emigration of 750,000 Palestinians in the Nakba, it continues today in the words of Israeli officials who justify the holocaust in Gaza on grounds of identification that the Palestinians are andropoda –  “human animals”.[11]  

2) Ostracism

As Nazi power in Germany intensified going into the late 1930s, definition/identification resulted in the shunning of Jews. As Lawyers lost their clientele, physicians their patients, civil servants their jobs, business people their establishments, both law and custom served to impose on Jews a social identity Orlando Patterson in his work on slavery, Slavery and Social Death, identified as ‘social death’.[12] Meaning Jews were, thus, rigorously excluded from participation in the civic, cultural, economic, social and political life of the communities that the Nazis controlled or occupied. With Kristallnacht (night of broken glass) as its highpoint, the ransacking of Jewish business was the terminus of the boycotts that forced closures and bankruptcies of Jewish businesses that were then snapped up for pennies on the mark.

Under the 1935 Nuremburg Laws[13] which focused on ensuring racial ‘purity’, a paradox if ever there was one since Hitler had Jewish grandparents, individuals were forced to divorce or German spouses were forced ‘convert’ to Judaism and pay the consequences if they did.[14] Christians and Jews were not permitted to be married, and those Christians who were married to Jews were either forced to divorce or the Christian partner was forced to wear the insignia of Jews, the yellow magen (star of David). These and other methods for ostracizing Jews and preventing ‘integration’ were codified in the 1935 under the Nuremberg Laws. Interestingly, Mischling, the mixed ones, were not repudiated by Hitler and even fought in his forces,[15] just as today in Israel, Arab men who marry Jewish women not only are members of the IDF, but must also repudiate their birth religion, whether Christianity and Islam.[16]

Jewish women on the other hand who marry Arab men, must do so outside the country and must live in either Arab neighbourhoods or the occupied territories. Mixed-race dating couples, especially between Jewish Women and Arab men, are vigorously surveilled, harassed and even attacked, while in an act of positive eugenics the government and rich Jews abroad fund sex junkets for foreign Jews to Israel.[17] As a matter of course within Israel proper, Palestinians are shunned on the streets, ritually degraded in the Knesset, and, in the liberal Jewish and especially Zionist press, demonized as criminals and terrorists. Not to leave matters there, even Jews who convert to Christianity are persona non grata in Israel. And all this in a land where prior to the Zionist invasion and conquest, Jewish and Muslim mothers breast-feed each others children, and, Jewish and Muslim children often adopted each other as brother and sister.[18]

3) Confiscation/Expropriation

 Hilberg reviews the ways that the Nazis assiduously confiscated the possessions of Jews. Confiscation/expropriation of Palestinian possessions, lands and homes follow a similar pattern. Such confiscations/expropriations, of which Sheikh Jarrah is an example, is a continuation of the Nakba. From the inception of the State of Israel, notes R. T. Naylor in Patriots and Profiteers,[19] “One of the earliest laws of the new state of Israel proclaimed that all who fled (750,000) forfeited their property: houses, farmlands and personal possessions along with about 10,000 shops, stores and factories”. This is exactly what the Nazi’s did to Jews, as Hilberg notes, even to the point of trying to shakedown the Rotchschilds. The destruction and theft of Palestinian orchards by Zionist settlers in the West Bank and confiscating chattel goods and other possessions that would make life livable is a regular feature of life.[20] This is literally government policy, be damned with UN resolutions, protests by global citizens and governments in solidarity with the Palestinians.

Because Palestinians are ‘concentrated’, the next step, it is easier to have the fundamentals of life confiscated/expropriated by: a) denial and restriction of work that would enable the sovereignty of Palestinian families and communities, b) the prevention of fishing of the coast of Gaza, c) the prevention of business enterprises, and d) the denial of international trade and access to medicines. It is a little-known fact that Gaza has massive reserves of natural gas, which is being stolen by the State of Israel.[21] Literally, the means for living well are either controlled or confiscated/expropriated with impunity, exactly as the Nazis did to Jews, save that Jewish ‘charities’ and the State of Israel have reaped a windfall from a massive shakedown compensation regime as noted by Norman Finkelstein in The Holocaust Industry and, in an interview, by Raul Hilberg.[22]

4) Concentration

In Austria and Poland the Nazi’s intensified Jewish concentration into ghettos and then, finally, concentration camps. Seeing this as all of a piece, and calling it “‘sealing off’ the victims”, Zygmunt Bauman cites rabbi Joachim Prinz in 1931 as follows: “The ghetto is the ‘world’. Outside is the ghetto. On the marketplace, in the street, in the public tavern, everywhere is ghetto…”. This was life under occupation in Austria, Germany and Poland for six years. In the case of the Palestinians, they are quarantined in ghettos within Israel proper and in the shrinking strips of open-air concentration camps lie Gaza. The West Bank is not far behind, as it is slowly being cut up, piece by piece, by piece, by State-sponsored zealot settlers.

            To comprehend a little more fully how ‘concentration’ as a stepping stone toward

‘emigration’ and then ‘annihilation’ was intended from the start, let me briefly draw from

Sabri Jiryis’s The Arabs in Israel. Jiryis notes that, modeled on other corporatist European settler colonies, the earliest Zionists intended on settler colonialism in Palestine (with parts of Syria, Turkey and the Sinai Peninsula in their plans too!):

From the beginning, the twin objectives of the Zionist movement have been the acquisition of land in Palestine and the attraction of Jews from all over the world to settle that land. Even before the official founding of the World Zionist Organization, in the last half of the nineteenth century, the Zionist dream had been to own lad in Eretz Israel…The idea of publicly owned land was at the heart of a proposal made at the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1896, to found a company for the specific purpose of purchasing land. The land bought by this company…would be for the settlement of Jews in Palestine; it would become Jewish property permanently, never to be sold or disposed of, except to be leased.[23]

Like other settler colonial companies, such as the Virginia Company, which initially attempted to acquire land by ‘purchase’ the indigenous people were not keen on the idea of a market in real estate. In addition to the Lockean labour theory of possession, the indigenes had to be hounded and (actually and metaphorically) murdered for the land to be made theoretically terra nullius. Likewise, the Zionist land companies launched in 1903 with support across Zionist factions, attempted to purchase land by “…every means possible; [and] company officials were to have no compunction about using persuasion, bribery or deception as long as the end was achieved”.[24] Covetousness, tinged with malicious anti-Arab racism, was the order of the day as

…company bulletins and progress reports of the statements of its executives will impress the reader with their ‘indignation’ at the very presence of Arabs in Palestine, owning the land and living off it, and with the sense that the company’s [(Ha-Keren Ha-Keymeth Leisrael)] highest aim was to uproot and wipe out all trace of these people to make room for Zionist settlers.[25]

Jiryis notes that terms such as ‘liberating’, ‘emancipating’ and ‘redeeming’ the land by ‘conquest’ and ‘labor’ (once the Palestinians were disposed of) augured the slow-rolling genocide the past 75 years.  

            From 1903 to 1947, notes Jiryis, the year before the creation of the state of Israel, both corporate and private Jewish purchase of land in Palestine amounted to 6.6% of all the land.[26] As a share of the total population in Palestine, Jews doubled their number to 17% between 1920 and 1931. But, with the rise of Hitler, 1933 saw another doubling of the Jewish population to 30% of the total.[27] In the wake of the 1936 Arab rebellion in Palestine against uncontrolled settlement of European Jews, a British Royal Commission of Inquiry deemed a ‘fair’ solution was to give 60% of land in Palestine to Jews, who were 30% of the population.[28] Expulsions, murder, rape and wholesale ransacking of Palestinian homes, farms, factories and banks etc ensued, with Jewish Directorates set up to dispose of Arab property to incoming Jews to create one of the sharpest demographic shifts to ever take place in history. Against this sordid history, it is instructive that neither Lemkin nor Hilberg had anything to say.

5) Annihilation

Hilberg notes that once the other stages are in place, the Final Solution is put into effect. With the Nazis, as noted by Christopher R. Browning,[29] this was not intended from the start, but it followed the inexorable logic of claims to superiority and the imposition of inferiority onto the andropoda. Hindsight is 20-20 and Israel and its citizens cannot claim ignorance, not least, again, because it is in the very design of Zionism. The prevention of births and other means intended to prevent the reproduction of Palestinians, not least by starving the Palestinians and depriving them of land upon which to live, is the fundamental logic of Zionist colonialism. The destruction of Palestinians, their very erasure to create a ‘greater Israel’ is encoded in the DNA of Zionism, whatever its variants. Here we see that the physical destruction of Palestinians applies to what Georgio Agamben[30] calls ‘bare life’. It does so through the targeted death-dealing process of State and Nation bureaucratic processes that Achille Mbembe calls ‘necropolitics’.[31] Annihilation, is in the essential logic of the Zionist conquest of Palestine and its particularism now reaching its final moment in Israel’s effort to cleanse Gaza of Palestinians.

Not only are is the necropolitical strategy of bare life intended to annihilate, it aimed, until the full war of extermination, to do so sadistically – very slowly. There is a complex backstory to this issue that is recently making the rounds in criticisms of Israel and the United States for yet another case of ‘blowback. Seeking to undermine the PLO and the prospect for a Palestinian State, both Israel and the United States facilitated the development of hardline and brutal Hamas.[32] For the Israelis, this was a pretext to wage war against all the people of Gaza by means of slow strangulation. One of the weapons of choice, reputedly against, Hamas, but which was really collective punishment to the people of Gaza for electing Hamas, was food and medicine. Around 2004, the Israel government hatched a plan it called ‘mowing the lawn’. While this is not the first-time colonizers and occupiers would use food as a weapon, this instance remains an undeniably present reality of genocide before us. By weaponizing food and restricting medicine[33] to an increasingly weak and disease-stricken population, the Israeli military calculated, with precision, the caloric intake necessary to keep Palestinians barely alive, but not strong enough to resist their occupiers. [34]

Such a diabolical plan was, conceivably learned from the Nazis. In the event that I may seem to be overreaching in my analogy, let me cite at length an astonishing parallel from in a section from Lemkin’s chapter 9, “Genocide” in Axis Power:

1. 1. Racial Discrimination in Feeding. Rationing of food is organized according to racial principles throughout the occupied countries. “The German people come before all other peoples for food,” declared Reich Minister Göring on October 4, 1942. (34) In accordance with this program, the German population is getting 93 per cent of its pre-war diet, while those in the occupied territories receive much less: in Warsaw, for example, the Poles receive 66 per cent of the pre-war rations and the Jews only 20 per cent.(35) The following shows the difference in the percentage of meat rations received by the Germans and the population of the occupied countries: Germans, 100 per cent; Czechs, 86 per cent; Dutch, 71 per cent; Poles (Incorporated Poland), 71 per cent; Lithuanians, 57 per cent; French, 51 per cent; Belgians, 66 per cent; Serbs, 36 per cent; Poles (General Government), 36 per cent; Slovenes, 29 per cent; Jews, 0 per cent.(36)

The percentage of pre-war food received under present rations (in calories unit) is the following: (37) Germans, 9.3 per cent; Czechs, 8.3 per cent; Poles (incorporated Poland), 78 per cent; Dutch, 70 per cent; Belgians, 66 per cent; Poles (General Government), 66 per cent; Norwegians, 54 per percent; Jews, 20 per cent.

As to the composition of food, the percentages of required basic nutrients received under present rations (per consumer unit) are as follows: (38) [p. 88]

The result of racial feeding is a decline in health of the nations involved and an increase in the deathrate. In Warsaw, anemia rose 113 per cent among Poles and 435 among Jews. (39) The deathrate per thousand in 1941 amounted in the Netherlands to 10 per cent; in Belgium to 14.5 per cent; in Bohemia and Moravia to 13.4 (40) The Polish mortality in Warsaw in 1941 amounted in July to 1,316 (41) in August to 1,729; (42) and in September to 2,160. (43)

Lemkin asserted that, for the purpose of destroying a group food, medicine and overcrowding are racial weapons for genocide, but so too is any action intended to restrict births. Israel conceives of demography as destiny. Thus, of great frustration to Zionists is that they are losing the ‘population war’. The high Palestinian birthrate is framed in terms of munitions: a population ‘time-bomb’ forcing the Israelis to scramble to get settlers from France, Lithuania, anywhere: even sex junkets for young American Jews to Israel as noted earlier. By the Nazi containment tactic of ‘kettling’[35] which enables total surveillance, conditions of destitution, denial of food and medicine in a concentration camp that has the highest patch of population density on earth, the aim is to prevent births by any means necessary. In 2010 Martin Kramer,[36] a Fellow of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard, called for preventing the births of Palestinian males. This follows the sage advice of Henry Kissinger[37] that the US and its allies need to limit the births of Third World peoples, especially the males. Where efforts to restrict birth fail, and it is obviously failing, maiming and disabling and outright murder, not least of children who are ‘unchilded’ as Nadera Shelhoub-Kevorkian[38] calls it, is as the Nazis did to Ashkenazi Jews.

While the focus of my comments on genocide rightly focus on Palestinians, I do not think it a detraction to comment on how pervasive is the negative eugenics of other disdained groups are in Israel. Where a state, like Israel, is founded on the myth of racial purity, racialism will have paradoxical articulations. Literally, the supremacy begins to cannibalize itself. At the foundation of the state of Israel, thousands of Sephardic babies were taken from their mothers and placed with Ashkenazi families. From the inception Israel’s founding David Ben Gurion and others Zionists saw the Arab Jew as savages because they are racially Arab in contrast to the ‘pure’ white Ashkenazi European Jew. Presumed to be tainted by their Arabness this demanded that a generation of swarthy Sephardics be purified of their supposed savage customs. As a result, hundreds and possibly thousands of Yemenite Jewish children were stolen and placed with Ashkenazi parents.[39] At no point during Apartheid in South Africa did White South Africans ever abduct African children to ‘civilize’ them. But the practices of cultural and genetic expropriation of indigenous children was policy in Australia and Canada, as it was in Israel. Properly whitened over the past 60 years, it is no longer Sephardic Jews that represent the enemy within. Now, Ethiopian and African American Jews are the new unassimilable ones. So much so that the Israeli government was pressured into admitting in 2015 that it ran a program of forced sterilization of Ethiopian Jewish women.[40] Now, the expulsion of the African Hebrew Israelites[41] who have lived in Israel since 1969 is now underway. Currently, the goal of cultural and racial purity is now so explicit, and, its inertia gaining momentum, that the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide,[42] a testament to atrocities largely borne by Ashkenazi Jews, has neither force nor effective restraint. 

Finally, we are at a moment in human history were the past strategies of giving the natives infested blankets and other diabolical acts of using disease as weapons is horrifying to most right-thinking people. But from the inception of its war of conquest of Palestine, as noted by Ilan Pappé,[43] the Zionists used cholera to contaminate the wells of Palestinians. Evidently chemical weapons research has continued apace in Israel. But it is biological weaponry that has for some time now raised alarm. And with the effective abrogation of the Treaty on Chemical and Biological Weapons manifest in the CoVID-19 injection bioweapon[44] the world is on course to a dystopian future unless there is a hard reversal. The Israelis have carried on racial biological weapons research focused on Arabs[45] they began with South African and Canadian researchers during the relation of solidarity between Apartheid South Africa and Israel. Gas chambers and bullets, starvation and restricting births are a stain enough on the mantra ‘Never Again!’, but the continued research on racially specific biological weapons is testimony to the moral bankruptcy of Zionism and Zionists.

[1] This post was modified December 12, 2023 for minor layout and syntax modifications.

[2] This 4-Part blog is a modified version was to be part of the December 2023 Special Issue of the Journal of State Crime. It was refused at the prepublication stage by the managing editor for reasons entirely unpersuasive.

[3] Loeffler, James. 2017. Becoming Cleopatra: the forgotten Zionism of Raphael Lemkin. Journal of Genocide Research, 19(3): 340-360.

[4] Rashed, Haifa and Damien Short. 2012. Genocide and settler colonialism: Can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation? The International Journal of Human Rights, 16(8): 1142–1169.

[5] Arendt, Hannah. 1964. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press.

[6] Pappé, Ilan. 2011. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. https://yplus.ps/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Pappe-Ilan-The-Ethnic-Cleansing-of-Palestine.pdf

[7] Muman613 Torah Wisdom. 2011, April 14. There is no such thing as ‘Palestine’ nor ‘Palestinian people’. https://mytorah.wordpress.com/2011/04/14/there-is-no-such-thing-as-palestine-nor-palestinian-people/

[8] Institute for Middle East Understanding. 2013, July 23. State-Sanctioned Incitement: Israel’s Extremist Rabbis. https://imeu.org/article/state-sanctioned-incitement-israels-extremist-rabbis

[9] Peled-Elhanan, Nurit. 2012. Palestine in Israeli School Books: Ideology and propaganda in education. London: Tauris Academic Studies

[10] Kashti, Or. 2014, Aug. 21. Israeli teenagers: Racist and proud of it Ethnic hatred has become a basic element in the everyday life of Israeli youth, a forthcoming book finds. https://www.haaretz.com/2014-08-23/ty-article/.premium/racist-and-proud-of-it/0000017f-e709-df5f-a17f-ffdf1ec90000

[11] Middle East Eye. 2023. Israel-Palestine war: ‘We are fighting human animals’, Israeli defence minister says. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-fighting-human-animals-defence-minister; see also Smith, David Livingstone. nd. The Problem of Humanity and the Problem of Monstrosity. https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/shb20/smith1.pdf

[12] Patterson, Orlando. 1985. Slavery and Social Death: A comparative study. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. It is noteworthy, given the Nazis used of slave labour in the concentration camps, that in chapter 9 of Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, titled “Genocide”, Lemkin included slavery as a condition for the punishment of genocide. He notes that “…genocide offenders should be subject to the principle of universal repression in the same way as other offenders guilty of so-called delicta juris gentium (such as, for example, white slavery and trade in children, piracy, trade in narcotics and in obscene publications, and counterfeiting of money). Indeed, genocide should be added to the list of delicta juris gentium”.

[13] Facing History and Ourselves. (2022). The Nuremberg Laws. https://www.facinghistory.org/holocaust-and-human-behavior/chapter-6/nuremberg-laws

[14] Interestingly, Richard Lawrence Miller shows that Eleanor Roosevelt supported a similar move in the US under her husband’s anti-Japanese racial hygiene policy. Milton Eisenhower,[14] Dwight Eisenhower’s brother, was tasked by FDR to oversee a similar process with the internment of the Japanese and their non-Japanese spouses. Evidence of how fatuous were such policies, the US deep State lost no opportunity to aggressively recruit both Nazi and Imperial Japanese scientists for the development of a variety of top-secret military programs.

[15] Rauch, Georg. 2015. Unlikely Warrior: A Jewish soldier in Hitler’s army. New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux; Rigg, Bryan Mark. 2002. Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers: The untold story of Nazi racial laws and the men of Jewish descent in the German military. Lawrence, KS: Kansas State University.

[16] Shipler, David K. 1986. Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a promised land. New York: Penguin Books.

[17] Sheen, David. 2018, July 2018. Israel steps up its war on mixed marriages. The Electronic Intifada. https://electronicintifada.net/content/israel-steps-its-war-mixed-marriages/25051

[18] Shipler, David K. 1986. Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a promised land. New York: Penguin Books.

[19] Naylor, R.T. (1999). Patriots and Profiteers: On economic warfare, embargo busting and state-   sponsored crime. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Inc.

[20] The Killing Zone. https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/dispatches-the-killing-zone/

[21] Julie, Lévesque. 2014, September 6. Israel Steals Gaza’s Offshore Natural Gas: $15 Billion Deal with Jordan. Global Research. https://www.globalresearch.ca/israel-steals-gazas-offshore-natural-gas-15-billion-deal-with-jordan/5399736; Littlewood, Stuart. 2008, May 30. Will Gaza ever get a whiff of its own offshore gas? Global Research.  https://www.globalresearch.ca/will-gaza-ever-get-a-whiff-of-its-offshore-gas/9136

[22] Finkelstein, Norman. 2000. The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the exploitation of Jewish suffering. London: Verso; Weber, Mark. 1999, Jan-Feb. World Jewish Congress Called ‘Morally False’: Historian Hilberg Denounces Jewish ‘Blackmail’ of Switzerland. The Journal of Historical Review, 18(1): 14. http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v18/v18n1p14_Weber.html

[23] Jiryis, Sabri. 1976. The Arabs in Israel. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, p. 75.

[24] The Arabs in Israel, p. 76.

[25] The Arabs in Israel, p. 76.

[26] The Arabs in Israel, p. 76.

[27] Nutting, Anthony. The Arabs: A narrative history from Mohammed to the present. Winnepeg, Canada, p. 321

[28] The Arabs, p. 322.

[29] Browning, Christopher R. 1993. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battlion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperPerennial.

[30] Agamben, Georgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

[31] Mbembe, Achille. 2003. Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1): 11–40.

[32] Zunes, Stephen. 2009, January 3. America’s Hidden Role in Hamas’s Rise to Power. AlterNet. http://www.alternet.org/story/116855/

[33]

[34] Cook, Jonathan. 2012, October 24. Israel’s starvation diet for Gaza. Electronic Intifada. https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-starvation-diet-gaza/11810; Issacharoff, Avi. 2018, 26 January. As Gaza approaches ‘famine,’ Israel, rather than world, appears most concerned. Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-gaza-approaches-famine-israel-rather-than-world-appears-most-concerned/; The Times of Israel. Israel counted calorie requirements of Gazans during blockade. 2012, Oct. 17. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-counted-calorie-requirements-of-gazans-during-land-blockade-to-avoid-crisis/; Rabbani, M. 2014, July 18. Israel Mows the Lawn. The London Review of Books. https://oldwebsite.palestine-studies.org/institute/fellows/israel-mows-lawn       

[35] Wordorigins. Nd. Kettling. https://www.wordorigins.org/big-list-entries/kettling

[36] Kramer, Martin. 2010, Feb. 7.  Superfluous young men. Weatherhead Institute Fellow at Harvard. https://martinkramer.org/2010/02/07/superfluous-young-men/

[37] Kissinger, Henry. 1974. National Security Study Memorandum NSSM 200. Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for U.S. Security and Overseas Interests. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB500.pdf

[38] See note 1.

[39] Ofer, Aderet. 2016, July 31. Hundreds and possibly thousands of Yemenite Jewish children were stolen and placed with Ashkenazi parents. Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/hundreds-of-yemenite-kids-were-abducted-1.5418281

[40] Ghert-Zand, R. 2012, Dec. 10. Shocking Decline in Ethiopian Israeli Birthrate. Forward. https://forward.com/life/167445/shocking-decline-in-ethiopian-israeli-birthrate/

[41] TRT World. 2021, April 29. Israel to expel Black Hebrew Israelites. https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/israel-to-expel-black-hebrew-israelites-46323

[42] Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf

[43] Pappé, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine.

[44] Nass, Meryl. 2023. The WHO’s Proposed Treaty Will Increase Man-MadePandemics. https://doortofreedom.org/2023/09/03/the-whos-proposed-treaty-will-increase-man-made-pandemics/

[45] Weber, Mark. 1999, Feb. 15. Israel is Developing ‘Ethnic Bomb’ for Growing Biological Weapons Arsenal. https://codoh.com/library/document/israel-is-developing-ethnic-bomb-for-growing/en/